D (Average Daily Demand): Average number of units sold daily. If your store sells 75 units daily on average, input 75.
L (Average Lead Time in Days): Number of days between placing an order and receiving goods. For example, a supplier who delivers in 7 days means L = 7.
σD (Demand Standard Deviation): Measures variability in daily demand. High variation = more uncertainty = higher safety stock.
σL (Lead Time Standard Deviation): Indicates how consistent your supplier is. More variance = greater need for buffer stock.
Z (Z-score): The service level you want to achieve. Higher Z = fewer stockouts, but higher inventory cost.
1.28 for 90% service level
1.65 for 95% service level
2.05 for 98% service level
2.33 for 99% service level
Formula:
Safety Stock = Z × sqrt((σD2 × L) + (D2 × σL2))
This ensures enough stock to meet demand despite supply or demand fluctuations.